“Daun bunga raya” biasanya merujuk kepada pelbagai spesies Hibiscus, terutamanya Hibiscus rosa‑sinensis (bunga raya Malaysia) dan Hibiscus sabdariffa (roselle/zobo). Kajian menunjukkan daun hibiscus mengandungi sebatian bioaktif yang memberi beberapa kesan kesihatan, tetapi kebanyakannya masih pada tahap makmal dan haiwan, bukan manusia.
Kandungan Aktif Utama
Daun hibiscus kaya dengan:
- Flavonoid, tanin, saponin, glikosida, fenol, alkaloid, terpenoid dan steroid (Zulkurnain et al., 2023; Olivia et al., 2021; Kapoor et al., 2021; Owoade et al., 2019).
- Anthocyanin dan polifenol lain yang menyumbang kepada aktiviti antioksidan dan antimikrob (Edo et al., 2023; Suhaili & Manshoor, 2022; Lyu et al., 2020; Jabeur et al., 2019; Eta, 2024).
Kegunaan Tradisional Daun
- H. rosa‑sinensis (bunga raya Malaysia): daun digunakan tradisi untuk melegakan sakit kepala, bengkak, sebagai julap lembut dan pelembut kulit, serta pencegah kelemumur dan masalah kulit (Zulkurnain et al., 2023).
- H. sabdariffa (roselle): daun digunakan sebagai antimikrob, emolien, antipanas badan, diuretik, antikulat cacing, penenang dan ubat batuk (Suprabha et al., 2023; Edo et al., 2023; Suhaili & Manshoor, 2022).
- Spesies lain (H. hispidissimus, H. hiritus) juga digunakan etnomedisinal untuk anti-radang, antidiabetik, diuretik, pelindung hati dan buah pinggang (S et al., 2023; Kota et al., 2020).
Contoh Khasiat Mengikut Spesies
| Spesies & Bahagian | Khasiat utama yang dilapor | Citations |
|---|---|---|
| H. rosa‑sinensis daun | Anti‑radang, analgesik, julap/pelembut, sokongan hati | (Zulkurnain et al., 2023; Kapoor et al., 2021; Somchit et al., 2008; Kaur, 2023) |
| H. sabdariffa daun | Antioksidan, antimikrob, anti‑diabetes, anti‑hipertensi, sokongan hati & buah pinggang | (Montalvo-González et al., 2022; Edo et al., 2023; Owoade et al., 2019; Suhaili & Manshoor, 2022; Goswami et al., 2024) |
| H. tiliaceus daun | Antioksidan, antimikrob semula jadi, analgesik sederhana | (Zebua et al., 2024; Abdul-Awal et al., 2016) |
Figure 1: Khasiat utama daun beberapa spesies Hibiscus
Kesan Farmakologi Dari Kajian
- Antioksidan & antimikrob: Ekstrak daun beberapa spesies Hibiscus menunjukkan aktiviti antioksidan yang kuat dan menghalang pertumbuhan bakteria dan kulat dalam ujian makmal (Zebua et al., 2024; Olivia et al., 2021; Suhaili & Manshoor, 2022; Lyu et al., 2020; Jabeur et al., 2019; Kota et al., 2020).
- Anti‑radang & analgesik: Ekstrak daun H. rosa‑sinensis dan H. hiritus mengurangkan keradangan dan kesakitan dalam model haiwan (Somchit et al., 2008; Kota et al., 2020).
- Anti‑diabetik & hipolipidemik:
- Ekstrak daun H. rosa‑sinensis dan H. sabdariffa menurunkan gula darah pada tikus diabetes (Kapoor et al., 2021).
- Mukilaj daun H. sabdariffa menurunkan gula puasa ~30% dan memperbaiki profil lemak dalam tikus, tanpa toksik ketara (Gupta et al., 2025).
- Pelindung hati dan buah pinggang: Ekstrak daun hibiscus dilapor membantu melindungi hati dan buah pinggang dalam model haiwan tertentu (Kapoor et al., 2021; Edo et al., 2023; Owoade et al., 2019; Suhaili & Manshoor, 2022).
Keselamatan dan Had Bukti
- Banyak data datang daripada kajian haiwan dan in vitro, bukan kajian klinikal manusia khusus pada daun.
- H. sabdariffa secara umum kelihatan agak selamat pada dos tinggi dalam haiwan (Owoade et al., 2019), dan tiada kesan buruk besar dilapor dalam beberapa ujian klinikal pada calyx (Montalvo-González et al., 2022), tetapi data khusus daun pada manusia masih terhad.
Conclusion
Daun bunga raya (pelbagai spesies Hibiscus) mengandungi sebatian semula jadi dengan potensi antioksidan, antimikrob, anti‑radang, antidiabetik dan pelindung organ. Daun juga digunakan secara tradisional untuk masalah kulit, rambut, bengkak, demam, batuk dan gangguan metabolik. Namun, kebanyakan bukti moden masih pada tahap makmal dan haiwan; penggunaan sebagai ubat utama pada manusia memerlukan kajian klinikal lanjut dan pemantauan dos yang berhati‑hati.
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